@conference {412,
	title = {A multi-model approach to stakeholder engagement in complex environmental problems},
	booktitle = {19th International Congress on Modelling and Simulation},
	year = {2011},
	month = {12/2011},
	publisher = {Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand},
	organization = {Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand},
	address = {Perth},
	abstract = {We describe the different types of models we used as part of an effort to inform policy-making
aiming at the management of the Ningaloo coast in the Gascoyne region, Western Australia. This provides an
overview of how these models interact, the different roles they cover, how they fit into a full decision making
process and what we learnt about the stakeholders involved in our project via their use.
When modelling is explicitly used to address socio-ecological issues, the key determinant of success is
whether the models, their results and recommendations are taken up by stakeholders; such uptake in turn
depends on addressing stakeholders{\textquoteright} concerns, on engaging them in the project, on ensuring they feel
ownership of the decision process at large, and that they understand and trust the modelling effort. This
observation has guided our approach and has resulted in treating {\textquoteleft}building a model{\textquoteright} as the catalyst, rather
than the final aim, of the process. In other words, extensive interactions in order to introduce, showcase,
discuss and tune the model used for final decision making have represented both a requirement and an
opportunity to ensure (i) model relevance, (ii) its acceptance, (iii) that all information available in the
stakeholder team was accounted for and (iv) that stakeholders holding different levels of understanding of
modelling, what it does and what it can provide to decision-making could develop an informed opinion on its
use.
To fulfil these roles we developed five broad classes of models: conceptual models, toy-models, singlesystem
models, shuttle-models and a full-system model. In conceptual models the main drivers of a system
are highlighted for subsequent representation as components of the full-system model. This usually results in
a diagram summarising our understanding of how the system works. In toy-models a problem is simplified in
such a way that only a handful of components are included. The purpose of these models is mostly
educational: we want to understand how each component affects the problem and in order to achieve this, we
temporarily renounce a satisfactory understanding of the overall problem. In single-system models we
include a fairly detailed representation of a single component of the system (in our case recreational fishing
and tourism); these models can be used to introduce stakeholders to modelling, provide temporary results
from the study of a single activity, which will feed into the development of the final full-system model, or
address sector-specific issues. In shuttle-models, we include the minimum number of processes we believe
are crucial for a basic understanding of the overall problem. We know these models are still too simple for
full system description, but they provide a sufficient understanding to enable us to contemplate, build and use
the more complex models needed for full problem description. The term {\textquoteleft}shuttle{\textquoteright} refers to taking us from a
minimum to a full description of the problem, a journey which is necessary both to developers in model
definition and parameterisation and to stakeholders in the interpretation of the final full-system model results.
Finally, the full-system model includes all information collected through the project and addresses all
scenarios of stakeholders concern, and whose definition has been greatly eased by use of the {\textquoteleft}simpler{\textquoteright}
models.
As an example, a conceptual model may identify fishing and tourism as the main drivers of a region; a toymodel
may describe how catches affect fish stocks; a single-system model may include the effect of gear,
regulations and other processes affecting recreational fishing; a shuttle-model may include a simplified
representation of the interaction between fishing, tourism, and infrastructure development on the overall
health of the local ecosystem; this will gradually {\textquoteleft}take{\textquoteright} us to comprehend the {\textquoteleft}full{\textquoteright} model which may include
tourism pressure, fish market values, climate effect, larger food-webs, etc.},
	keywords = {modelling, Ningaloo},
	isbn = {978-0-9872143-1-7},
	url = {http://www.mssanz.org.au/modsim2011/index.htm},
	attachments = {http://ningaloo-atlas.org.au/sites/default/files/Fulton et al. 2011b.pdf},
	author = {Fulton, EA and Jones, T and Boschetti, F and Sporcic, M and De La Mare, W and Syme, G and Dzidic, P and Gorton, R and Little, LR and Dambacher, G and Chapman, K},
	editor = {Chan, F and Marinova, D and Anderssen, RS}
}
